TAKEUCHI Gaishi sent me the Road to Meaning through mathematics. Translated by Google 2021

 

 

TAKEUCHI Gaishi sent me the Road to Meaning through mathematics. Translated by Google

TAKEUCHI Gaishi   Mathematician of Japan 1926-2017

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TAKEUCHI Gaishi sent me the Road to Meaning through mathematics

My youth has been fond of mathematics since high school, but he has been frustrated over and over again, trying to keep him away, but because of his irresistible charm, he gets hurt again and loses his power. It was a day I kept feeling. However, it was the teacher’s “What is a set?” Published by Kodansha as a book of Blue Bucks in 1976 that decisively overturned that setback.

This book explains the most basic concept of set in mathematics from Cantor, which was the starting point, to the latest in modern set theory in a very easy-to-understand manner. However, it may be necessary to annotate the expression that it is easy to understand .

As a second high school language teacher, I spent three years from 1976 to 1978 at Tokyo Metropolitan Ome Higashi High School in Ome City, Tokyo, where I met a young math teacher. He taught mathematics as a lecturer at Tokyo University of Science after completing a master’s course, but felt the limits of his abilities and chose to start again as a high school teacher and was assigned to Ome Higashi High School. He was thinking of taking a PhD at Kyoto University if he had the ability, but he told me that he hadn’t had the ability to do so. In such a story, when I told him about Gaisi Takeuti’s book, it seemed interesting, so he asked me to study together, so in my spare time after school, the blackboard In a room, he became a teacher and I became a student, and from the beginning of the book, the two of us examined the potential problems one by one.

One of the hearts of this book was to describe how the numbers 1-9 are generated by set theory. I couldn’t understand some of them by myself, so I asked him, a teacher with a blackboard on his back. After thinking for a while, he tried to write the solution on the blackboard, but he ran around and replied, “I don’t know this.” I couldn’t have understood that he was a university lecturer. He said it was “difficult” and the study of the day was over, which was the final study session of this set theory.

Since then, I have talked with him on various topics. He was always polite because I was a little older. He didn’t break his stance when I told him to speak more normally. In March 1979, I changed from the same school to a part-time job at Tokyo Metropolitan Agricultural High School in Fuchu City, and from April I became a major student in Wako during the daytime. He was soon transferred to Tokyo Metropolitan High School, one of the leading colleges in Hachioji, and one night he met him by train for the first time in a while. He asked me about the situation in the language department of the national university and told him what I knew. He certainly thought I would continue to study the language.

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The generation of numbers from 1 to 9 by set theory certainly contained something that I could not understand at the time. Even though he majored in mathematics, in the situation of set theory at the end of the 1970s, it seemed to be quite difficult to understand unless he was a specialist. Long after 2008, I wrote a Paper called Generative Theorem to answer this long-standing homework. I needed von Neumann Algebra von Neumann algebra at this time. This Paper is a little long, so I will show the Link destination below. I haven’t seen him who studied with him for a long time, but what are you doing?

GENERATION THEOREM

There is another memory in this generation from 1 to 9. I’ve written it several times, but to repeat it, it’s a conversation with Professor Eiichi Chino, who was studying structural linguistics when he was a research student at Wako. After the lecture one day, I suddenly had a conversation with the teacher near the entrance. The teacher asked me what I was studying now. When I replied that I was thinking about Professor Gaisi Takeuchi, who was devoted to it, and briefly thought about the internal structure of meaning, for example, how 1 to 9 are generated. Seriously, “Stop that, it’s not what we think, it’s what Wittgenstein and others think,” he said in an angry manner. I was surprised at the teacher’s reaction for a moment, but responded “I understand” on the spot.

The Prague Linguistic Circle of Prague was formed in Prague in the 1920s, where Sergej Karcevskij wrote “Asymmetric Duplexity of Linguistic Symbols”, which made predictions about the global structure of meaning in language, but then language. The pursuit of the semantic structure in was not finally made. Despite being one of the most important things in language, it was so difficult to find out what it meant.

After World War II, Roman Jakobson was building a conceptual anthropology in the United States, and he met Claude Levi-Strauss, who envisioned a new structural linguistics and blossomed there. Since it was difficult to pursue, we proceeded in the phonetic direction such as phonology or phonemes. Later in 1973, Jakobson wrote the Japanese translation of ESSAY DE LINGUISTIQUE GENERALE, Misuzu Shobo, 1973, in which he proposed the concept of semantic minimum, the central description of which is 137 pages in Japanese. From page 140, but on page 139, Jakobson states:

“If the study of word structure was limited to a list of grammatical meanings on the one hand and to phonemes and their underlying discriminatory special catalogues on the other hand, then a review of the sound aspects of a given language. In order to do so, the meaning itself should be correct, even if it does not matter, as long as the meanings are clearly distinguished from each other, and also in the study of conceptual aspects. , The expression of meaning itself would be correct to say that it does not matter as long as the meanings are distinguished from each other, but these two extremes never exhaust the linguistic material. . “

After that, we will move on to the theory of phonemes, which is the combination of phonemes. His perception at this time did not go into the internal structure of the meaning itself. It is probably difficult to hope for further progress in the usual way.

In summary, I think it is probably impossible to describe the structure of the meaning of natural language in natural language. Throughout the 20th century, the internal structure of meaning itself could not be pursued as a clear collection of logic. My conclusion is that if it could be pursued, it would have to rely on the super language of foundations of mathematics or the mathematics itself. Therefore, I chose the mathematical direction. Super language is now a field of logic, and I think its roots must still depend on mathematics.

But I have always paid close respect to Jakobson’s achievements. His book “General Linguistics” Misuzu Shobo, 1973 and “Language Sound Form Theory” Iwanami Shoten 1986 have been on my desk for quite some time. And the greatest benefit from him was strongly influenced by his semantic minimum meaning minimal body, and in 2008 I dedicated a piece of his Paper, From Cell to Manifold, to him.

CELL THEORY FROM CELL TO MANIFOLD FOR LEIBNIZ AND JAKOBSON

Let’s return to Gaisi Takeuchi.

It is “What is a set?”. For me, after reading this book, mathematics decided to consider the language. Professor Gaisi Takeuchi has shown to me the importance of continuing mathematics no matter how difficult it may be, and aiming for the difficult peak of meaning. I wrote his Paper called Growth of Word in 2006 and put the name of Professor Takeuchi in the title.  

GROWTH OF WORD DEDICATED TO TAKEUCHI GAISHI

“Mathematics Seminar” February 2018 Special Feature Gaisi Takeuchi and Foundations of Mathematics Nihon Hyoronsha 2018, Professor Takeuchi’s idea “Similar to the sunset …” still keeps my heart strike. If I hadn’t met my teacher’s book, What is a Set, in 1976, my return to mathematics might have been delayed. I would like to quote a part of that essay below.

“When I try to remember my encounter with mathematics now, most of the things that come to my mind are not something that has been completed, and I couldn’t do it well no matter how hard I tried, or I missed it while thinking about doing it. It may be that my encounter with mathematics did not mean that I did not meet mathematics. “

” The wonderfulness of encountering mathematics does not diminish its appeal no matter how many times I meet it. That is. “

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TANAKA Akio
4 March 2021

Sekinan Library

On Time Property Inherent in Characters 2003-2005

 

 Monday, 30 September 2019

On Time Property Inherent in Characters 

 TANAKA Akio 

Here I will try to consider on the generation and the function of characters that have been used in Chinese which is classified to isolating language in linguistic typology.

Concerning the early forms of characters, we can verify them by the ancient inscriptions on bone and tortoiseshell that were discovered at /Yinxu/ and so forth. At the first stage that is usually classified to five on the inscriptions, they already displayed the inceptive completion, from where it is very difficult to speculate the beginning shapes of characters. On vocabulary and syntax, inscriptions displayed the almost same inceptive completion. Here what is inceptive completion is meant that comprehension or speculation is practicable by the usage of modern Chinese. Therefore the generation and the function of characters are subsidiary after the inscriptions. On the situation of forming the inscriptions namely explanation to decipher inscriptions, many researches are accumulated. Here, in these researches, I proceed with consideration claiming the works of after 1990 in main.

1 Generation of characters

When we see the inscription of character /yu/ that means bringing up in English, it is impossible to doubt that this inscription shows the situation of childbirth time by woman. In this inscription the situation of childbirth is shown by three stages. First there is a figure in which woman is going to give birth to a baby crossing both arms at the front of her chest. She takes a bent-forward posture, sticks her buttocks out and bend her knees gently. Second the situation of what the waters break is shown by the signs similar to dotted lines. Third at central or under part of the waters, a new born baby is shown in the shape of baby’s head inverted. Through three factors illustrated in the inscription, character /yu/ is clearly expressed the situation of childbirth time and the immediately after the birth time.

When we see the inscription of character /yan/ that means language or speak in English, the form of the inscription is simplified or transformed considerably at the first stage of classification on inscriptions. So the explanation to decipher inscriptions is developed variously. Here I will show one interpretation including the result of Chinese archeology in recent years. A form of character /yan/ is able to see the three parts that are upper, middle and under. According to the result of Chinese archeology, the upper part is regarded as the tongue’s point of a bronze bell used at meeting in /Yin/ period. The central part of character /yan/ is the body of a tongue. The under part of character /yan/ is regarded to be the outside of a bell. In /Yin/ period, at the time to let the meeting begin, the bronze-like bell was ringed loudly to let the people connected to know. When the meeting was opened, the bell was inferred to put up side down on a table. That is to say, the main body of a bell is inferred to be putted up side down and the tongue of a bell is inferred to be putted upward on the form of bell’s setting. This setting of a bell is shaped regarded to become the character’s form of inscription of on bone and tortoiseshell.   According to this interpretation of the inscription, /yan/ can be said to show the situation of post-notification of a meeting in /Yin/ period.

Therefore the figuration of the reversed bell was regarded to become the inscription of character /yan/.

   When we see the inscription of character /geng/ that means to cross in English, we comprehend that the inscription shows the two parallel lines in which a bow pattern is included. WANG Guowei†0 regarded that this inscription is as same as the character /heng/ that means permanent or lasting in English. Now I follow his interpretation. He wrote in his paper that two up-and-down lines are both banks of a river and inner bow shaped figure is a ship which goes and returns between the banks†1. According to this interpretation, /geng/ or /heng/ shows the operations of crossing a river, that operations are permanently repeated in an identical space†1.

From the inscriptions of three characters of /yu/, /yan/ and /geng/, now we can induce or infer the following.

First, Inscriptions which are original shapes of characters, in some cases, have a proceeding time in characters themselves. That is to say, as for character /yu/, that means the time of childbirth, from beginning to end. As for character /yan/, that means the time of meeting, from announcement to being open. As for character /heng/, that means the proceeding time of crossing the river by ferry.

Second, on the inscriptions, several aspects of the various phenomena which occur on the proceeding time in characters are sometimes shown by the images or implications. As for character /yu/, remarkable aspects’ figures are bending mother’s body, amniotic fluid and new born baby†2. As for character /yan/, the one remarkable is the bell which is set in the upside down condition, which means the announcement of meeting which was already opened a few minutes ago. The other remarkable is the same bell which is set on the table in the upside down condition, which means the meeting is now going†3. As for character /heng/, remarkable aspects are both banks and a ferry boat.

Third, on the inscriptions, several aspects, which are shown by the remarkable figures, transmit the messages. As for character /yu/, babybirth from mother’s body, the situation of birth time and new baby appeared in this world are transmitted simultaneously by the one character /yu/. As for character /yan/, transmitting is announcement of meeting, opening of meeting and contents of being discussed by the meeting. As for character /heng/, work of crossing the river, reach the opposite bank of the river and repetitions of these works, namely, constancy are transmitted for the information.

Therefore from the induction or inference on the generation of character’s meaning above mentioned, the following function of characters is led for us.

2 Function of characters

   First, the time-proceeding aspect being inhered in every character has the strong tendency toward the most distinctive information of the real world. As for character /yu/, while woman is giving birth to a baby, the most distinctive information is the figure of mother’s body bending, and after birth, the existence of a new baby becomes the most distinctive information†2. The various grammatical functions of one character are generated from the time proceeding and successive phenomena of distinctive aspects in the real world.

As for character /yu/, at the birth time, verbal aspect of giving birth is emphasized, but after birth nounal aspect of a new born baby oneself is emphasized. As for character /yan/, before the meeting verbal aspect of telling the opening is the most important thing, but while being opened or after the meeting the nounal aspect of speaking content of the meeting is the most valuable thing†3.       

Second, when two or over two characters are connected, every character wants to emphasizes selecting one distinctive aspect inherent in oneself, and want to connect to the other character or characters. Because if two or over two aspects is transmitted, there will appear the non-clearness in the information. As for character /yu/, connection with character /sheng/ (which means grow in English), namely /sheng yu/, in this situation /yu/ means give birth to in English. Connection with /cai/ (which means a person of talent in English), namely /yu cai/, in this situation /yu/ means educate in English. That is to say, character /yu/ has two phases of meanings. One is concerned with the situation of child-birth of mother’s body. The other is concerned with the situation of a person that is already growing.

Third, every character has several aspects of inherent time inclination. When there is a connection of two characters, each character has the choosing operation from the several meanings in the character. Two or over two characters generate a new meaning complex by the operations of choosing the most precedent meaning in the each. This complex can maintain the new clearness of information on the connection of characters which have many branches of meanings in total.

For example, from above mentioned characters /yu/, /yan/ and /heng/, when two characters /heng/ and /yan/ are connected to one word /heng yan/, /heng/ chooses the meaning constant in English and /yan/ chooses the meaning utterance in English. New meaning complex is the expression by the stable person. This /heng yan/ appears in the Chinese classic Mengzi by the complex meaning.  

Then, when every individual character does selectivity of aspects, what functions does work in the characters? On the other hand, when two or over two characters connect by the choosing the most precedent meaning respectively, what functions does work out of the characters?

3 Self selectivity of function on character 

Now I examine the situation of what two or over two characters connect and generate the new aspect complex. For instance, I adopt above mentioned characters connection word /heng yan/.

In the first place, /yan heng/, which is a reverse disposition of /heng yan/, is examined. This characters disposition is not notified as the one word generally in the Chinese. This characters set is usually recognized as a sentence. The meaning is <The utterance is eternal.> in English. That is to say, this characters set does not generate new aspect complex and two aspects of every individual character form in a line. Why this divergence, namely generating word or sentence, occurs in the characters disposition?

Here I infer that< time property inherent in characters> is worked. Detailed inference is mentioned below.

On <time inherent in characters>, time has various longitudes, from short to long. As the case stands that two times in two characters touch in succession and the former character’ time is longer than the latter character’ time, these two characters connect tightly and generate a new aspect complex. But on the reverse situation, that is to say, the former character has shorter time than the latter character, these two characters have the difficulty to generate a new aspect complex, every individual character has a tendency to stand alone each other.

As for characters connection /heng yan/, character /heng/ has <an eternally long time> inherent, on the other hand, character /yan/ has <a temporary short time>. Like this connection of characters that the former is long time inherent and the latter is short time inherent, a new aspect complex is generated in principle.

Therefore characters /heng yan/ become one word and characters /yan heng/ become one sentence which is constituted from the two characters.

That is to say, on Chinese language that is classified to isolating language in linguistic typology, for there are no phenomena of declension, the main them of the grammatical functions is the break of words, namely characters, and the selection of parts of speech.

On the decision of grammatical functions, now I institute two conceptions for language. One is <time inherent in characters>. The other is <self selectivity of aspects on the combination of characters>.

<Time inherent in characters> is above mentioned. <Self selectivity of aspects> is also above mentioned. Say over again, when time inherent in the successive character is shorter than the former character’s, two characters are composed and become one word. But the latter is longer than the former; two characters are not composed and become one sentence.

As a result, there become two divergences. One is the generation of a new aspect complex. The other is succession of two individual aspects. The former become a word. The latter become a sentence.

This distinction leads a new view for the generation of lexis and the structure of syntax. Time inherent in characters is examined by the property of characters, especially by the inscriptions on bone and tortoiseshell in ancient China. Therefore <self selectivity of aspects on the combination of characters> is a hypothesis in the present stages.

4 Time principle on language

 Generally, recognition of word or structure of meaning on word, which is estimated one of the most important themes on linguistics, is extremely difficult to examine for long time. For the examination of the theme, now I chose the inscriptions on ancient China. These inscriptions are the most effective materials for analyzing the structure of meaning on language. Then, one of the most effective means is to verify <Time inherent in characters> and <Self selectivity of aspects on the combination of characters>. Now I collectively call these two factors as <Time principle on language>.

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Hakuba March 28, 2003
Written by Japanese
Original Edition

Tokyo January 3, 2005
Translated into English
Standard Edition

Sekinan Research Field of Languagewww.sekinan.org

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[Postscript June 23, 2008]
†0<WANG Guowei>
Sekinan Research Field of Language / 5 WANG Guowei / Tokyo November 8, 2004
For WANG Guowei

†1<Period>
Stochastic Meaning Theory / June 22, 2008

†2<Multi-time>
Clifford Algebra / Note 5 / TOMONAGA’s Super Multi-Time Theory / Tokyo January 25, 2008
†3<Time flow>
Time Theory / Tokyo December 25, 2004
Language and spacetime / Time Flow in Word / Tokyo May 3, 2007
<More details on the theme>
Invitation by Theme-Time / Tokyo January 6, 2008

[Postscript July 11. 2008]
Solid Trace Theory / Solid Trace / Tokyo April 19, 2006
For Authentication of Solidity / Tokyo November 6, 2005
[Postscript December 23, 2008]
Energy Distance Theory / Conjecture 2 / Geometry of Word / Tokyo November 23, 2008
Complex Manifold Deformation Theory / Conjecture 5 / Time of Word / sekinan.wiki.zoho.com 

 

Afar Hakuba Range

28 August 2003

On immanent time in characters 2003

 

 

 

　文字に内在する時間性について

2003

田中章男

 

　　言語類型論で孤立語に分類されてきた漢語で使用される文字、すなわち漢字の生成と機能について、考察を試みる。

　漢字の初期の形態については、殷墟等で発見された甲骨文によって確認できるが、通常五期に区分される甲骨文の第１期において、甲骨文はすでに初期的な完成を示しており、漢字自体の原初的な形態を推測することは難しい。甲骨文を組み合わせた語彙および統辞についても、ほぼ初期的な完成を示している。ここで初期的な完成というのは、現代漢語による理解乃至推察が可能なことを意味する。　したがってここで述べる漢字の生成と機能は、甲骨文以降の副次的なものである。個々の甲骨文の字形形成の状況、すなわち解字的説明については、すでに多くの研究が蓄積されている。ここではそれらのうち、主に１９９０年代以降の業績を援用しながら、考察を進める。

 

一　漢字の生成

　漢字「育」の甲骨文を見ると、この字が、女性による出産時の状況を示していることは疑いえない。この甲骨文において、出産の状況は、３つの要素によって示される。第一に、両腕を胸前で交差させた女性が出産に臨む時の体形である。女性は前傾姿勢をとり、臀部を突き出し、膝をゆるやかに屈折している。第二に出産時に伴う破水の状況が、点線様の記号で示されている。第三に、この破水の中央部分か下部に新生児が頭部を下に向けて示されている。この甲骨文で図示された３要素によって、「育」の字が、女性による、出産時およびその直後の状況を示していることが明示される。

　漢字「言」の甲骨文を見ると、その字形がすでにその一期において、すでに相当程度の簡略化乃至は変形化を受けているために、これまでも解字的説明がさまざまに展開されたが、ここでは、中国考古学の成果を含めた近年の一解釈を示す。漢字「言」の形態は、その上部、中部および下部の三部分として、見ることが可能である。中国考古学の成果によれば、その上部は、殷の時代において、会議等の開催を示す、銅鐸様の鈴の内部につるされた鈴舌であるとされる。漢字「言」の中部は、鈴舌そのものを示す。漢字「言」の下部は、鈴の外部を示すものとされる。殷の時代においては、会議等の開催を知らせるときに、銅鐸様の鈴を打ち鳴らして関係者に知らせ、その会議の開催時には、その鈴をテーブルの上に逆さに置いたとされる。すなわち、形態的には鈴の本体が下に、鈴舌の部分が上になって置かれたとされる。これが「言」の字の甲骨文の字形となったとする。この解字によれば、「言」の甲骨文は、鈴による会議開催告示後の状況を示すものとすることができる。会議はことばによってなされる。したがって、逆さの鈴の象形化が、「言」の甲骨文となった。

　漢字「亘」の甲骨文を見ると、二本の水平な線の中に弓形の文様が示される。王国維は、つとにこの甲骨文を漢字「恒」と同定した。今はこの見解に従う。上下の二本は川の両岸であり、中央の弓形はその両岸を往来する舟とする。この解字によれば、「亘」あるいは「恒」は、同一の空間に恒常的に繰り返される渡船作業を示している。

　三つの漢字「育」「言」「亘」の甲骨文から、以下のことが帰納乃至推測される。

　第一に、漢字の祖形である甲骨文は、時間的経過を内在させることがある。すなわち、「育」においては、出産の開始から終了までであり、「言」おいては、会議の告示から開催中までであり、「亘」においては、渡船作業の継続である。

　第二に、漢字の祖形である甲骨文は、内在する時間的経過の途上でおこるさまざまな事象の一局面が複数にわたって図像化乃至暗示されることがある。すなわち、「育」のおいては、母体、破水、新生児であり、「言」においては、倒置された鈴がその前時間に継起した会議の告示の振鈴と、その後の会議開始によるテーブル等への安置を暗示する。「亘」においては、両岸と渡船の存在が渡船作業を示す。

　第三に、漢字の祖形である甲骨文は、事象の複数の局面を内在させることによって、複数の情報を伝達することがある。「育」においては、母体による出産、出産途上の状況、新生児の誕生等の情報が、一字によって同時に伝達される。「言」においては、会議の告示、会議の開始、会議で話し合われた内容等の情報が伝達され、「亘」においては、渡船作業、対岸への到達、作業の繰り返し、すなわち恒常性等の情報が伝達される。

　したがって以上のような漢字生成に関する帰納乃至推測から、次のような漢字の機能が導かれる。

 

二　漢字の機能

第一に、個々の漢字に内在する時間的局面は、その局面のもっとも特徴的な情報を伝達しようとする傾向が強い。「育」の字においては、出産時の状況は、母体の出産動作そのものがもっとも特徴的であるが、出産後は新生児の存在が特徴的となる。漢字一字が持つ文法的機能の多様さは、こうした甲骨文に内在する、時間性の幅とその特徴的事象の内容に起因する。

「育」においては、出産時の局面では、いわゆる「うむ」という動詞的局面が強調されるが、出産後は「新生児」といういわゆる名詞的局面が強調される。「言」においては、会議前には「告げ知らせる」局面が強調されるが、会議開催中および開催後は、多分に会議での「発言内容」の局面が強調されるであろう。「告げ知らせる」局面が、多分に動詞的であり、「発言内容」の局面では、多分に名詞的機能が優先されるであろう。

　第二は、二字以上の漢字が組み合わされたとき、個々の漢字は、自らに内在する、時間の枠組から、どれかひとつの時間的局面を特に強調して、他の漢字と関係を結ぼうとする。二局面以上を伝達しようとすることは、伝達の明瞭性を傷つけるからである。「育」の字について見るならば、「育女」では「女児を生む」ことであり、「育嬰」では「すでに生まれている子どもをそだてる」ことである。「育女」では「育」の字は、より多く「母体からの出産状況」にかかわり、「育嬰」ではより多く「すでに誕生した新生児」の情報にかかわるであろう。

　第三は、個々の漢字に内在する時間的局面はしばしば複数性を持つが、漢字を組み合わせるときにはその個々の漢字の局面選択の択一性が働くことによって、互いに優先された局面同士によって二つ以上の漢字が、ひとつのより複合的な局面を形成して、その複合局面の情報伝達の明瞭性を保持することができる。たとえば「恒言」という２字の組み合わせにおいては、「恒」は「恒常性」の局面を選択し、「言」は「発言する」という局面を選択する。

　それでは、個々の漢字が局面選択を行うとき、どのような漢字内の機能が働くのであろうか。また、優先された局面同士が提携するとき、どのような機能が漢字の外部に向かって提示されるのであろうか。

 

三　漢字機能の自己選択性

　二つ以上の漢字が組み合わされ、新たな複合的な一局面が形成される状況を、「恒言」について検討する。ところが、「言恒」という組み合わせにおいては、新たな一局面は形成されず、漢字それぞれが有する一局面が二つ連続すると見るのが一般である。このような違いはどうして起こるのであろうか。私はここにも、漢字に内在する時間性がかかわると判断する。

　漢字に内在する時間には比較的短時間のものから、長時間に及ぶものまで多様である。二つの時間が連続するとき、前の漢字の時間性が長時間であり、後ろの漢字が短時間であるとき、この二つの漢字は緊密に結びつき、新たな複合的一局面を形成しやすいが、この逆の場合、すなわち前字が短時間で、後字が長時間であるときは、この二つの漢字は新たな複合的局面を形成しにくく、それぞれの局面が独立的に連続する傾向を持つ。

　「恒言」において、「恒」は「永続的な長時間」を内在させるのに対し、「言」は一過的な短時間を内在させる。このように、長時間内在型の漢字と後続する短時間内在型の漢字は、新たな複合局面を形成するが、短時間型の漢字と後続する長時間型の漢字は複合局面を形成しにくい。したがって、「恒言」は一つの語となり、「言恒」は二つの語で一つの文となる。

　すなわち類型論で孤立語の属するとされる漢語においては、一切の語形変化的な現象を有しないために、しばしば、その文法的な構造、漢語においては特に語と語の切れ目とその文法的な機能が問題となってきたが、漢字に内在する時間性およびその組み合わせ時における局面選択性によって、新たな複合局面が形成されたか、個別局面の連続かが区別されるとするならば、漢語における語彙形成と統語構造に展望がひらけるものとなる。

　漢字に内在する自己選択性とは、後続する漢字に内在する時間が、自らの時間より短時間の場合は複合しようとし、自らの時間より長時間の場合は複合しないか、複合しにくい。

　時間性の長短については、その漢字、　特に甲骨文における準初期形態が示す抽象性、具象性、統合性、個別性等のクラス分けが検証される必要がある。したがって、漢字に内在する時間性の自己選択性は、一つの仮説である。

 

四　漢字に内在する意味

　一般に言語における語の認定、あるいは語の意味は、その重要さにもかかわらず、困難さが指摘されてきた。漢字一字を語と認定するかどうかはしばらく置くとしても、ここで漢字一字ずつに内在する意味をある程度、分析的に検討することは、特に甲骨文にさかのぼることによって、可能な面が開けてくる。甲骨文においては、設文解字と比定できるものについては、その解明が進んだが、殷代のみに出てくる固有名詞的なものについては、今後も解明に困難が伴うことと思われる。しかし、甲骨文を言語記号として、その記号の内容とその記号が示す時間とを点検することによって、現在通行する漢字との比定を超えたレベルで、文字に内在する文法的機能を分析する途が開かれるであろう。そのときもっとも有力な方法の一つが、時間性原理であると思われる。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　2003年 ３月２８日
          白馬にて

On immanent time in characters 2003. Translated by Google 2025

 

From Author;
This translation has ambiguous expression.
The original text is Japanese.
So sorry.

 

　

On immanent time in characters

2003  
TANAKA Akio

 

　This paper attempts to examine the origin and function of Chinese characters, the characters used in Chinese, which have been classified as isolating languages ​​in linguistic typology.

　The early forms of Chinese characters can be confirmed by the oracle bone inscriptions found at the Yin Ruins and elsewhere. However, in the first period of the oracle bone inscriptions, which are usually divided into five periods, the inscriptions already showed a preliminary completion, making it difficult to guess the original form of the Chinese characters themselves. The vocabulary and syntax of the combined oracle bone inscriptions also show a preliminary completion. In this case, preliminary completion means that they can be understood or inferred from modern Chinese. Therefore, the creation and function of Chinese characters described here is a secondary matter that occurred after the oracle bone inscriptions. A great deal of research has already been accumulated on the circumstances of the formation of the character shapes of individual oracle bone inscriptions, that is, character-based explanations. Here, we will proceed with our discussion by citing the achievements of these studies, mainly those made since the 1990s.

 

1. Generation of Kanji (Character)

　When one looks at the oracle bone inscription of the Chinese character "育" (iku), there is no doubt that this character indicates the situation of a woman giving birth. In this oracle bone inscription, the situation of childbirth is indicated by three elements. First, it is the posture of a woman with both arms crossed in front of her chest as she gives birth. The woman is leaning forward, her buttocks thrust out, and her knees gently bent. Secondly, the situation of the water breaking during childbirth is indicated by a dotted line-like symbol. Thirdly, a new born baby is shown with its head facing down in the centre or lower part of the water breaking. The three elements illustrated in this oracle bone inscription clearly make it clear that the character "育" indicates the situation of a woman giving birth and the situation immediately afterwards.

　When we look at the oracle bone inscription of the Chinese character "言", we can see that the character's shape had already been considerably simplified or transformed in one period, and various interpretations have been developed in the past, but here we present one recent interpretation that includes the results of Chinese archaeology. The shape of the Chinese character "言" can be seen as three parts: the upper part, the middle part, and the lower part. According to the results of Chinese archaeology, the upper part is said to be a bell tongue that was hung inside a bronze bell-like bell during the Shang period, which indicated the holding of a meeting, etc. The middle part of the Chinese character "言" represents the bell tongue itself. The lower part of the Chinese character "言" represents the outside of the bell. During the Shang period, when announcing the holding of a meeting, etc., a bronze bell-like bell was struck to notify the relevant parties, and when the meeting was to be held, the bell was placed upside down on the table. In other words, morphologically, the body of the bell was placed on the bottom and the bell tongue was placed on the top. This is said to have become the shape of the character "言" in the oracle bone inscription. According to this interpretation, the oracle bone inscription of "言" can be said to show the situation after the announcement of the meeting by the bell. Meetings are conducted by words. Therefore, the pictograph of an upside-down bell became the oracle bone inscription of "言".

　When one looks at the oracle bone inscription of the Chinese character "渡" (cross), one can see a bow-shaped pattern within two horizontal lines. Wang Guowei had long ago identified this oracle bone inscription with the Chinese character "常" (always). We now follow this view. The two lines above and below represent the two banks of a river, and the central bow represents a boat traveling between the two banks. According to this interpretation, "渡" or "常" (aiways) represents the constant ferry service that is repeated in the same space.

　The following can be inferred or derived from the oracle bone inscriptions of the three Chinese characters "iku," "gen," and "wataru."

　First, the oracle bone script, which is the original form of Chinese characters, can contain the passage of time. For example, in "育" (nurturing), it is from the start to the end of childbirth, in "言" (saying), it is from the announcement of a meeting to its holding, and in "渡" (crossing), it is the continuation of ferry work.

　Secondly, the oracle bone script, which is the original form of Chinese characters, can depict or suggest multiple aspects of various events that occur in the course of an inherent time process. That is, in "iku" (nurturing), the mother's body, the water breaking, and the new　born baby, while in "gen" (language), the upside-down bell suggests the ringing of a bell announcing the meeting that took place the previous hour, and the placing of the bell on a table or other surface when the meeting begins. In "wataru" (crossing), the presence of both banks and a ferry boat indicates the ferry work.

　Thirdly, oracle bone script, the original form of Chinese characters, can convey multiple pieces of information by incorporating multiple aspects of an event. "育" (nurturing) conveys information such as the mother giving birth, the status during birth, and the birth of a new born baby all at once with a single character. "言" (saying) conveys information such as the announcement of a meeting, the start of a meeting, and the contents of what was discussed at the meeting, while "渡" (crossing) conveys information such as the ferry operation, reaching the opposite shore, and the repetition of a task, in other words, constancy.

　Therefore, from the above-mentioned induction and inference regarding the generation of kanji, the following functions of kanji can be derived:

 

2. Functions of Kanji

First, the time aspects inherent in each Chinese character have a strong tendency to convey the most characteristic information about that aspect. In the case of the character "育" (nurturing), the situation at the time of birth is most characteristic in the mother's birthing movements, but after birth, the presence of the new born becomes characteristic. The diversity of grammatical functions of a single Chinese character stems from the range of time and the content of the characteristic events inherent in these oracle bone inscriptions.

In the case of "iku" (raise), the verb aspect of "umu" is emphasized during the birth phase, but after birth the noun aspect of "new born baby" is emphasized. In the case of "koto" (speech), the aspect of "announce" is emphasized before the meeting, but during and after the meeting the aspect of "what will be said" at the meeting will be emphasized. The "announce" aspect is largely verbal, while in the aspect of "what will be said" the noun function will take precedence.

　Secondly, when two or more kanji are combined, each kanji tries to relate to the other kanji by emphasizing one particular time aspect from its inherent time framework. Attempting to convey more than two aspects impairs the clarity of the communication. Looking at the character "育" (raise), in "育女" (raise a female child), it means "to give birth to a baby girl," while in "育嬰" it means "to raise a child who is already born." In "育女" (raise a female child), the character "育" is more related to the "conditions of birth from the mother's womb," while in "育嬰" it is more related to information about the "new born baby who has already been born."

　Third, while individual kanji often have multiple inherent temporal aspects, when they are combined, the alternative aspect selection of each individual kanji comes into play, allowing two or more kanji to form a more complex aspect by prioritizing each other's aspects, and thus maintaining the clarity of the information transmitted by the complex aspect. For example, in the combination of the two characters "常言," "常" selects the aspect of "constancy," and "言" selects the aspect of "to speak."

　So, what kind of function is at work within each kanji when it selects its own aspect? Also, what kind of function is presented to the outside of the kanji when prioritized aspects are combined?

 

3. Self-selection of Chinese character functions

　I will consider the situation in which two or more Chinese characters are combined to form a new, complex aspect in the case of "Kou-gen." However, in the combination "Gen-kou," it is generally considered that no new aspect is formed, but that two aspects that each Chinese character possesses are consecutively combined. Why does this difference occur? I believe that the inherent temporality of Chinese characters is also involved here.

　The time inherent in Chinese characters varies from relatively short periods to long periods. When two periods of time are consecutive, if the first character has a long time and the second character has a short time, the two characters are closely linked and tend to form a new composite aspect, but in the opposite case, that is, if the first character has a short time and the second character has a long time, the two characters are unlikely to form a new composite aspect, and each aspect tends to continue independently.

　In "Kou-gen", "Kou" implies "a long, permanent time", while "Gen" implies a short, transitory time. In this way, a long-term-intrinsic kanji followed by a short-term-intrinsic kanji form a new compound phase, but a short-term-intrinsic kanji followed by a long-term-intrinsic kanji does not easily form a compound phase. Therefore, "Kou-gen" is one word, and "Gen-kou" is one sentence made up of two words.

　In other words, Chinese, which is considered to be an isolated language in typology, does not have any morphological phenomena, and therefore its grammatical structure, and in particular the breaks between words and their grammatical function, have often been problematic. However, if it is possible to distinguish whether a new compound phase is formed or a succession of individual phases due to the temporality inherent in Chinese characters and the aspect selectivity when they are combined, then this will open up new prospects for vocabulary formation and syntactic structure in Chinese.

　The self-selectivity inherent in kanji means that if the time inherent in the following kanji is shorter than its own time, it will try to combine, but if it is longer, it will not combine or will have difficulty combining.

　Regarding the length of time, it is necessary to verify the classification of abstractness, concreteness, integration, individuality, etc., shown by the Chinese characters, especially the semi-early forms in the oracle bone script. Therefore, the self-selection of the temporality inherent in Chinese characters is one hypothesis.

 

4. The meaning inherent in the kanji

　In general, the identification of words in language, or the meaning of words, has been pointed out as being difficult, despite its importance. Leaving aside for the moment whether or not a single Chinese character can be identified as a word, it is possible to analytically examine the meaning inherent in each Chinese character to a certain extent, especially by going back to the oracle bone script. In the oracle bone script, progress has been made in elucidating those that can be compared to Shuowenjiezi, but it is likely that there will be further difficulties in elucidating proper nouns that appear only in the Yin dynasty. However, by examining the oracle bone script as a linguistic symbol and the content of that symbol and the time that the symbol indicates, a way will be opened to analyse the grammatical function inherent in characters at a level that goes beyond the comparison with the Chinese characters currently in use. One of the most effective methods for doing so is thought to be the principle of time.

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　March 28, 2003
at Hakuba, Nagano, Japan

15 Silk Road and 16 Story 2021 Revised 2022. Translated by Google

 

15 Silk Road and 16 Story 2021
Revised 2022

 

15.
2003
Silk Road
 

In the fall of 2002, I had pneumonia and was admitted to Ome Municipal General Hospital for about two weeks. Fortunately, the progress after admission was smooth, and after one week, my breathing and physical condition returned to normal, but my doctor was cautious about whether I was exhausted, and it took another week before I was discharged. Looking out the window at the mountains of Okutama, I was keenly aware that I hadn't written anything about the subject of the language I finally found. When I was discharged from the hospital, I was repeatedly checking the words and phrases of the dissertation to be written, thinking that I should give priority to that first and foremost.

The essence of the discussion was gradually coming together. There was something unwavering about the pursuit of what the essence of language was the subject of my dissertation, but considering the depth and vastness of the language itself, I have accumulated myself so far. Based on this, I focused on Chinese characters, and while using Kiyoyo's elaborate linguistics, elementary school, I was aiming for a universal linguistic theory, and from there I was thinking of a direction to approach the language itself.

As a result, by the time of discharge, I found that some of the typical forms and meanings of the oracle bone script contained time in those letters, referring to Wang Guowei's papers, etc. Based on this, I considered the direction of the syntactic theory, in which a sentence is formed by concatenating words that include time, as the second article. However, my traditional dream was to set them in a physically verifiable direction rather than in a philosophical direction. My longing for theoretical physics, which has existed within me since high school, was still at the core of my thinking. And now  I was learning the basics of the epic algebraic geometry systematized by the French Bourbaki group Nicolas Bourbaki by the 1960s.

When I was a research student, Sergej Karcevskij's "Asymmetric Duisme asymmetrique du linguistique 1929" by Sergej Karcevskij of the Prague Linguistic Circle of Prague continued to come and go in me. For example, I had just set up a base camp far below this high peak.

Regarding "asymmetric duality of language symbols", I have written a short sentence before, so I will reprint it below.

"Symmetry. It's what I once talked to C in linguistics. Prague in the 1920s. Karzewski's paper in the magazine TCLP," Asymmetric Duplexity of Linguistic Signs. " The coexistence of absolutely contradictory flexible and rigid structures where the language continues to hold, thereby the language remains the language. An eternal contradiction that will continue to be doubly inherent in language. Karzevski presented the duality of why the language can be so flexible and so robust, and that it is almost absolutely inconsistent. A discussion of the white eyebrows left by linguist Sergei Karzevskiy, whom C described as the only genius in his last book. A consistent understanding of this duality as to why this coexistence is possible has probably not yet been submitted. Karzevskiy

's dissertation was a breakthrough that briefly bisected its macroscopic structure of the meaning that was difficult and barely touched in linguistics.

In 2003, I began to put together the above two directions almost in parallel, but spring came without being able to construct the logic of the language that connects the two of vocabulary and syntax. Two children went out for spring skiing in Yuzawa, Niigata prefecture, which has been continued in recent years, because the school was on spring break, and the children and my wife enjoyed skiing according to their respective strengths, but I went to the hotel alone. For the rest, I focused on following the invisible logic for building the word-to-syntactic connection that was absolutely necessary for my dissertation .

As a result, I didn't bring any reference materials, so the day after I arrived in Yuzawa, I wrote with almost no writing, and summarized the principle logic that connects vocabulary and syntax. Was done. This sentence was scribbled and incomplete, so I didn't upload it on the Web even after I finished writing the two articles, but in 2015, when I reread it in detail, I found that this sentence Since I recognized most of the sprout of the subject that I continued to write about my language, I decided to add a short preface and upload  it under the title of Manuscript of Quantum Theory for Language  . ..

Around April, a while after I returned to Tokyo, I opened the Site of the National Institute of Informatics, which I used to see from time to time, and announced that an international symposium on Silk Road would be held in Nara, co-sponsored by the Institute and the Ministry of Education. The call for papers to be published there was posted. Since I had written two dissertations based on the draft I wrote in Yuzawa, I decided to submit the dissertation on syntax as an application paper, and since it was an international symposium, the dissertation should be written in English in principle. Since it was said that it was supposed to be translated into English, I corrected a part to make it more logical and clear, and I was able to apply safely by the submission deadline in May. The paper, entitled Quantum Theory for Language  , regarded language as a physical quantum and the combination formed a sentence.

Although I felt common sense anxiety about treating language as a quantum, I was sensuously convinced of the future prospects in that direction, so I hardly hesitated. Fortunately, this paper was adopted as one of the four oral papers in the linguistics and literature section of the symposium, and I was on December 23 and 24, 2003, at the far right of Nara Todaiji Temple. It will be announced on the 23rd at the symposium held at the public hall. The presenters in this department were a professor at Hokkaido University, a member of the Toyo Bunko, a researcher at a company, and myself.

After the oral presentation on the afternoon of the 23rd, I was really relieved. On the afternoon of the 24th of the second day, when I went to the hall, which was the main venue, researchers from various countries gathered and various languages ​​were spoken. Perhaps because of the subject of the symposium, there seemed to be a large number of people attending from Central Asia. Starting with an invited lecture, there were lectures by department, oral presentations, panel presentations, posting of related information, etc. were held throughout the public hall, and it was reported that the total number of participants was close to 400. To me, the venue itself seemed like the end of the modern Silk Road.

Quantum, which is the center of my discussion, is a concept of physics, but it was also very attractive from the viewpoint of mathematics, so it was taken into group theory in mathematics and defined as a quantum group in the 1980s. Proposed by VG Grinfeld.
Hopf algebra and the quantum Yang-Baxter equation. 1985 is the first paper. In the same year, Michio Jimbo of Japan also published a paper A  q -difference analogue of  U (g) and the Yang-Baxter equation. 1985, which bridged physics and mathematics.

It was later in the late 2000s that it became clear to me that it became possible to use quanta strictly in mathematics. My sensory direction to the quantum can thus be used as being completely determined by a strict mathematical definition.

I have further geometrically transformed this quantum, and with the help of the achievements of Perelman and others who introduced the calories of physics into mathematics, I have expanded the language from natural language to signals and further to the energy elements that are the basis of them. Quantum-Nerve Theory, which advances to representation and its application and tries to quantumly transform human nerves to lead to applied science, has almost finished its preparatory consideration from 2018 to 2019, and now We have reached the direction of advancing its mathematical structure algebraically. At the same time, I would like to continue learning important directions such as David Marr's work Vision, which passed away at the age of 35 in 1980, which created the skeleton of neural theory, and  "visual computational theory and brain expression" as a subtitle.

Let's go back to 2004.
In January 2004, the Institute of Informatics sent me a completed manuscript because I would like to publish an oral presentation paper as a booklet, and I received an email saying that the oral presentation manuscript was further corrected and sent. In May, a thick booklet containing papers was delivered to the people concerned. To distinguish it from the conventional manuscript, the title on the booklet is Quantum Theory for Language Synopsis  .

In the year I entered university in 1967, I was thinking of one of my goals as a major direction from Asian to European languages. Half a century later, my first booklet containing a dissertation summarizing my subject was presented from Japan to Central Asia and then to Western Europe. It may have been one of the accumulations of wisdom delivered on the modern Silk Road. Even if my dissertation itself was really small in it.　

Tokyo
7 February 2022 Revised
Sekinan Library

---

 

16 .
2015 
Story

In the winter of 2012, when I felt that the Paper dissertation on the universality of the Language Universals language, which I had been writing since 2003, had settled down in my own way, at the age of 65, I derived the language from axioms and theorems. However, in some respects, the desire to take a step away from the ruthless world of mathematics and to warmly portray the human beings living there has become stronger, and one youth that includes an autobiographical element. I wanted to portray the possibilities as two people who are both lonely but never isolated.

Her A, the main character, her I, who reunited with her, and the bulbul that hurt her wings were all, in a sense, the alter ego of the author. As an amateur, I can't tell if it's complete as a story, but as I write this story, I'd like to express what I should call salvation while wandering in the days of youth. became.

In their lifetime, they have met many people, received unpredictable support, and faced unexpected farewells, and would have continued their journey to discover their own subject of life. I was one of them.

One will never be able to continue when he is strong. So, there, you might come across something that could be called salvation somewhere without realizing it. It wasn't because it was weak, or because it was weak, and it wasn't asking for it, but in life itself, perhaps inevitably, salvation would have existed as something that would come unknowingly. I was naturally like that one day.

The story begins with the days of autumn when the wind is cold, and ends with a day full of light that makes you feel the loneliness of winter.
I wonder if everyone is the two of the day.

"Winter is coming to them like grace now."

I conclude this story so.